Monument record 0021000000 - BUCKINGHAM

IN NOV 914 EDWARD THE ELDER (899-925) BUILT 'BURHS' ON BOTH BANKS OF R. OUSE AT BUCKINGHAM. AFTER 942 BUCKINGHAM LOST ITS MILITARY SIGNIFICANCE BUT REMAINED A ROYAL BOROUGH & DEVELOPED INTO A TOWN WITH A MARKET & MINT (B1,B5); NB: B1 HAS FOUNDATION DATE AS 915. NGR TO PRESENT TOWN CENTRE.
Discussion of location of burh and layout of Saxon and medieval town (B11).


C 914, "King Edward went to Buckingham with his army, and stayed there four weeks, and made both the boroughs, one on each side of the river."(B4).

There is now no trace of the Burghs said to have been built on each side of the river 914 AD (B12).
In 914 AD, Buckingham was fortified and garrisoned to control the Roman road system serving Northampton, Bedford, and the Ouse valley (B6).
A mint was established in Buckingham in the reign of Ethelred II prior to 999 AD (B13).

In Domesday Buckingham occupies a position as county town with a separate entry at the head of the survey. However its unsuitability of position at the extreme north of the county led to the rise of Aylesbury as an administrative centre. The earliest authentic mention of Buckingham occurs c915 AD when Edward the Elder fortified it against the Danes. The boundaries of the parish and borough appear to have been coterminous from a very early date, and are set forth in the Charter of 1553. Buckingham was not incorporated by Charter until the middle of the 16th century. In 1553-4 Buckingham was created a free borough under the name of the Bailiff and Burgesses of the parish of Buckingham. Under Charles II Buckingham in common with many other boroughs, was compelled to surrender its charter, receiving a fresh incorporation in 1684 under the title of Mayor and Alderman of the borough and parish of Buckingham.
The burgesses of Buckingham are mentioned twice in Domesday. Total burgage rents in the C15th varied from 60s to 70s. Buckingham had the right to hold markets and fairs within the borough, whose tolls until the 16th century belonged to the lord of the manor, and have since formed part of the corporation revenues. In 1327 one third of their value was said to be 13s 4d and 16s 2.5d is entered on the accounts of Buckingham manor in 1473. Under a Charter of 1554 the market was held on Tuesday, which changed to Saturday in 1684. In the charter incorporation of 1554 two fairs are mentioned. In the C17th there were four fellowships of Mercers, Cordwainers, Tailors and Butchers indicating a flourishing economy (B5).

914 Edward the Elder stayed four weeks at Buckingham
995 Charter of Ethelred II refers to 'my prepositus' in Buckingham
1086 Twenty-six burgesses. 'Bishop Remigius holds the church of this borough'
1227 Represented as a borough or vill by its own jury at the eyre (B14).

NRHE insert 1997, Update 1999 (B15).

This record includes National Record of the Historic Environment Information provided by Historic England on 4 June 2025 licensed under the Open Government Licence.